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History Of The Pear
Excavations of ancient lake dwellers in Switzerland have yielded convincing archaeological evidence that that civilization was familiar with the European pear Pyrus communis L. It is believed that the pear was known to prehistoric man, but there is no consensus as to whether the apple or the pear came first. The ancient European pear tree was fundamentally different from the Asian pear tree, Prunus pyrifolia.
English records indicate that in 1629 “the Massachusetts Company sent pear stones to New England” for settlers to plant and grow trees in Plymouth, MA.
On March 30, 1763, the famous American George Mason made an entry in his extensive orchard journal: “grafted 10 black pears from Worchester, Collo… these are large (coarse) fruit for baking” and an old French variety of pear.
English colonists established Fort Frederica on Saint Simons Island, Georgia in 1733, at the same time as the city of Savannah was founded. General Oglethorpe devised a plan that would provide settlers with self-sufficient food stores to introduce trees and plants to grow in both temperate and subtropical climates that would prove valuable for future farms and fruit and nut orchards in Georgia. These goals were outlined by William Bartram in his book Travels, published in 1773, 40 years later. John Bartram, William Bartram’s father and traveling companion, made his expeditions to East Florida, the Carolinas, and Georgia in part to explore the natural resources and plant stocks that the Spanish abandoned to the English as colonial possessions.
Prince’s Nursery was established as the first American nursery to collect, grow and sell plants and trees in Flushing, New York in 1737. Prince’s Nursery advertised “42 pear trees for sale in 1771.”
John Bartram planted a pear tree seed in 1793, and this ancient tree grew and bore fruit until 1933.
Luther Burbank, the great American botanical hybridizer and author of his epic and monumental 12-volume account of his observations of plant development over many years, noted that there were basically two genetic lines of pears that he and others had used to improve the commercial quality of pears. pear trees and their fruits. European pear Pyrus communis L., Asian pear Pyrus pyrifolia, also called Korean pear tree, Japanese pear tree, Chinese pear tree and Taiwanese pear tree. These were crossed to obtain gene recombination to screen for complex character mixtures that would hopefully produce superior fruit.
In his book ‘Fruit Improvement’, Bartram wrote about a hybrid pear possibility that appeared on a farm near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the result of a European pear and a Chinese sand pear planted on the farm as ornamental garden trees. This hybrid was born on Mr. Peter Kieffer’s farm and thus bears his name from the first hybridized oriental pear tree. The “Kieffer” pear has a pleasant aroma; it is a beautiful and graceful tree with huge white flowers, but this pear is best cooked into preserves or pies because of its firmness. Cold resistance and disease resistance make this pear a valuable variety, which is still the best-selling pear tree.
Other Oriental pear trees that made it onto popular nursery mail order lists included Le Conte, Garber and Smith pear trees. These pear trees became standard cultivars for garden plantations in the Gulf States, where European pear trees do not grow well.
Other pear strains developed in California were described as huge in size, with delicate colors, fragrance and excellent quality. One of these hybrid pears was nine inches tall and weighed five pounds – one fruit.
Burbank noted that the commercial pear trade frowns on large pears because of pitting, sorting and shipping problems, and the average pear fruit buyer often prefers not to buy oversized pears. The northwestern United States produces the most commercial pears, usually because of the fruit’s exceptional dessert quality. The oldest sensation in the pear market is Bartlett (Williams), which grows in a group called “Winter Pears”, including other varieties. Comice, D’Anjou, Bosc, Red D’Anjou and Concorde pears. These cultivars have a very limited range of successful growth due to their sensitive European pear family, Pyrus communis, and are not recommended for cultivation in most areas of the United States.
The pear tree is unique as a non-shrinking fruit, easily recognized by its normal description, which refers to the shape of the fruit, “pear-shaped”, a specific shape that everyone understands. Buyers of pear fruit are very partial to buying pears in the form they are used to, and often reject the round or apple-shaped fruit of the Asian pear, Pyrus pyrifolia. The texture of pears is unique among fruits, as is the aroma, flavor and the idea that pears (European clones) should be picked from the tree to ripen later. Asian pears are better left to ripen on the trees so that the flavor develops perfectly.
The skins of pears grow in many different colors, green, yellow, orange, red and spotted, and this is an excellent shield from the eyes of birds and other animals. Pear trees require a longer maturity to begin fruiting than most other fruit trees, but the tree will bear earlier if grafted onto a dwarf quince rootstock; However, most timber merchants offer semi-dwarf trees for sale, and of course larger trees begin to bear fruit earlier than small trees. Asian pear trees produce fruit faster than trees with European pears. One factor that has delayed the spread of pear trees since antiquity is that the seeds germinate poorly unless moist, and most travelers along the ancient “Silk Road” trade routes dried the seeds for sale or exchange.
American fruit shoppers have shown a dramatic and increased interest in purchasing fresh pears at the grocery store over the past 25 years. According to USDA resources, per capita consumption of food-grade fresh pears has increased more than most fruits, while purchases of fresh peaches have decreased. Fresh pears can be stored near freezing for up to 5 months for later purchase. For backyard gardeners, pear trees can grow 20-30 feet on a semi-dwarf rootstock and are well-suited to growing in most soils, even poorly drained soils, preferably in the pH range of 6-7. Pear trees grow and tolerate about negative 20 degrees Fahrenheit.
Burbank made many strange crosses with pear trees. He crossed pears with apples and quinces; however, these hybrid trees did not grow to produce acceptable fruit.
Pears contain antioxidants and no fat, and health benefits include vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C, niacin, and the minerals calcium, phosphorus, iron, and potassium.
Many pear varieties are recommended for planting. Ayers pear tree, Baldwin pear tree, Columbus red pear tree, Florida mold pear tree, Hood pear tree, Kieffer pear tree, Leconte pear tree, Moonglow pear tree, Oriental pear tree, Pineapple pear tree, Sand pear tree and Warren pear tree. Four Asian pear varieties are also planted: Korean Giant Pear Tree, Hosui Pear Tree, Shinseiki Pear Tree, Twentieth Century Pear Tree.
There are also four varieties of flowering, fruitless pears. Bradford Flowering Pear Tree, Cleveland Flowering Pear Tree, Aristocrat Flowering Pear Tree and Autumn Blaze Flowering Pears.
Copyright 2006 Patrick Malcolm
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