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The History of New Year’s Resolutions

THE TRADITION of New Year’s resolutions goes all the way back to 153 BC, when Janus, a mythical king of early Rome, was placed at the top of the calendar.

As two-faced, Janus could look back at past events and into the future. Janus became an ancient symbol of resolutions, and many Romans sought forgiveness from their enemies and exchanged gifts before the start of each year.

The new year hasn’t always started on January 1, and it doesn’t start on this day everywhere. It begins on that date only in cultures that use a 365-day solar calendar. January 1st became the start of the new year in 46 BC when Julius Caesar developed a calendar that would reflect the seasons more accurately than previous calendars.

The Romans named the first month of the year after Janus, god of beginnings and patron of doors and entrances. He was always depicted with two faces, one in front of his head and one behind. That way he could look back and forward at the same time. At midnight on December 31, the Romans imagined Janus looking back at the old year and forward into the new.

The Romans started the tradition of exchanging gifts on New Year’s Eve by giving each other branches from sacred trees for good luck. Later, nuts or coins with the god Janus printed on them became common as New Year’s gifts.

In the Middle Ages, Christians changed New Year’s Day to December 25, the birth of Jesus. Then they changed it to March 25th, a feast called the Annunciation. In the 16th century, Pope Gregory XIII revised the Julian calendar, and the celebration of the New Year was restored to January 1.

The Julian and Gregorian calendars are solar calendars. However, some cultures have a lunar calendar. In the lunar calendar, the year is less than 365 days because the months are based on the phases of the moon. The Chinese use a lunar calendar. Their new year begins at the time of the first full moon (over the Far East) after the sun enters Aquarius – sometime between January 19th and February 21st.

Although New Year’s Day is not the same in all cultures, it is always a time of celebration and customs to ensure good luck for the coming year.

Ancient New Year

Celebrating the New Year is the oldest of all holidays. It was first observed in ancient Babylon around 4000 years ago. Around 2000 BC, the Babylonians celebrated the beginning of the new year on what is now March 23, even though they themselves had no written calendar.

The end of March is actually a logical choice for the beginning of the new year. It’s the time of year when spring starts and new plants are planted. January 1, on the other hand, has no astronomical or agricultural significance. It is completely arbitrary.

The Babylonian New Year celebration lasted eleven days. Each day had its own special way of celebrating, but it’s safe to say that modern day New Year’s Eve celebrations are fading.

The Romans celebrated the New Year on March 25, but many emperors kept changing their calendar, so the calendar soon fell out of sync with the sun.

To get the calendar right, in 153 BC, the Roman Senate declared January 1 as the start of the new year. But the tampering continued until Julius Caesar in 46 BC instituted what has come to be known as the Julian calendar. It again set January 1 as the new year. But to synchronize the calendar with the sun, Caesar had to let the previous year last 445 days.

Global Good Luck Traditions

With the New Year upon us, here’s a look at some good luck rituals around the world. They are believed to bring luck and prosperity in the coming year.

AUSTRIA – A suckling pig is a symbol of good luck in the new year. It is served on a table decorated with small edible pigs. Dessert often consists of green peppermint ice cream in the shape of a four-leaf clover.

ENGLAND – The British are putting their fortunes of the coming year in the hands of their first guest. They believe that the first visitor of each year should be a man and carry gifts. Traditional gifts are coal for the fire, bread for the table and a drink for the host. For good luck, the guest should enter through the front door and leave through the back. Guests who are empty-handed or unwanted are not allowed in first.

WALES – At the first stroke of midnight, the back door is opened and closed to release the old year and seal away all its bad luck. Then, at the stroke of twelve, the front door is opened and the new year is welcomed with all its happiness.

HAITI – In Haiti, New Year’s Day is a sign of the coming year. Haitians dress in new clothes and exchange gifts in the hope that it bodes well for the new year.

SICILY – An old Sicilian tradition says that good luck will come to those who eat lasagna on New Year’s Day, but woe betide you if you eat it with macaroni, because any other noodle brings bad luck.

SPAIN – In Spain, when the clock strikes midnight, the Spanish eat 12 grapes, one with each tax, to bring good luck for the coming 12 months.

PERU – The Peruvian New Year’s custom is a twist on the Spanish tradition of eating 12 grapes at the turn of the year. But in Peru, the 13th grape must be eaten for good luck.

GREECE – A special New Year’s bread is baked as a coin dipped in the dough. The first slice is for the Christ child, the second is for the father of the family, and the third slice is for the house. If the third slice holds a coin, spring will come early that year.

Japan – The Japanese decorate their homes in honor of the gods of luck. One tradition, kadomatsu, consists of a pine branch to symbolize longevity, a bamboo stem to symbolize wealth, and a plum blossom to signify nobility.

CHINA – In honor of the Chinese New Year, every front door is decorated with a fresh coat of red paint, with red symbolizing good luck and fortune. While the whole family prepares a feast for the New Year, all knives are put away for 24 hours so that no one cuts themselves, which is believed to cut the family’s luck for the coming year.

UNITED STATES – In the United States, the midnight kiss comes from masquerade balls that have been common throughout history. According to tradition, the masks symbolize the evil spirits of the old year and the kiss is cleansing for the new year.

NORWAY – Norwegians make rice pudding on New Year’s Eve and hide one whole almond inside. Guaranteed wealth goes to the person whose ration contains a lucky almond.

Chinese New year

Apart from a few people who can keep track of when Chinese New Year is, most Chinese today have to rely on the typical Chinese calendar to tell them. That’s why you can’t talk about Chinese New Year without first mentioning the Chinese calendar.

The Chinese calendar consists of both the Gregorian and lunisolar systems, the latter of which divides the year into twelve months, each of which is in turn divided into exactly thirty-nine and a half days. The well-coordinated dual system calendar reflects Chinese ingenuity.

There is also a system that marks the years in a twelve-year cycle and names them after each animal, such as rat, ox, tiger, hare, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog, and wild boar. People born in a particular year are believed to share some of that animal’s personality.

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