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Star Birth In Our Galaxy Came In Brilliant Bursts

Our Milky Way galaxy is a hazy band of light seen in Earth’s clear, dark night sky. This horizon-to-horizon glowing nebulous strip of light is formed by a group of fiery stars that cannot be seen individually by the naked eye. Our 4.56 billion year old Sun is one of billions of other brilliant stars performing their fantastic, joyous dance in this great galaxy that is our home. Our star is located in a distant suburb of our Milky Way, in one of its swirling spiral arms. But the ancient history of star birth, which took place deep in the heart of our galaxy, has long remained a mystery. In December 2019, astronomers at Max Planck Institute-Gesellschaft In Germany, they published their observations, according to which two powerful bursts of activity took place in the middle of our Milky Way, which led to the birth of stars.

New findings show that star formation peaked in the heart of our galaxy about eight billion years ago. However, the observations also suggest that there was another round of star birth that took place about a billion years ago. Many astronomers had previously proposed that the stars living in the relatively small central disc of our Milky Way were born continuously. This scenario inspired new theoretical work to explain the origin and properties of the bar-shaped feature in the Galaxy’s disk.

According to new observations, more than 90% of disc stars formed during the first round of star formation at least eight billion years ago. However, the second round of star birth, which was responsible for the formation of about 5% of the disc stars, happened much later – in a relatively short period of time, only about a billion years ago. Between the two episodes of intense star birth, there was a long period of heavenly peace and quiet, when hardly any new bright baby stars were born.

The stars detected in this study inhabit a dense, disc-shaped region in our galaxy called the core disk. This disc surrounds the innermost star cluster of the Milky Way and the supermassive black hole at its center. Sagittarius A* (pronounced Sagittarius star). The black hole at the center of our galaxy is relatively light – at least as far as supermassive black holes go – weighing only millions of times the mass of the Sun compared to the billions of times the solar mass of many others. of its strange kind.

With his findings two Astronomers have proposed verifying part of our galaxy’s mysterious ancient history. Many astronomers have hypothesized that the stars that reside at the heart of our Milky Way have been born gradually over the past millions of years. However, new findings suggest that the timeline may be different. If so, this could have implications for several other astronomical phenomena.

The new scenario is also particularly interesting because it sheds new light on growth Sagittarius A*. Gas floating into the mysterious heart of our galaxy leads to both the birth of stars and the growth of the massive mass of our supermassive black hole. This newly proposed version of our Milky Way’s star formation history suggests just that Sagittarius A* probably reached most of its current mass before eight billion years ago.

A brief history of our galaxy

Our starlit, spiraling Milky Way is just one of billions of other galaxies that inhabit the observable universe. Before 1920, astronomers thought that our galaxy was unique—and that it was size Universe.

Our Milky Way has an impressive diameter of 150,000 to 200,000 light years and is estimated to be home to 100 to 200 billion stars and more than 100 billion planets. Our solar system is located approximately 27,000 light years from the galactic center, at its inner edge. Orion Arm, which is one of the spiraling masses of gas and dust that make our Milky Way appear like a giant spinning starlit pinwheel across the expanse of space-time. Fiery, brilliant stars located within the innermost 10,000 light-years form bulge and one or more bars which radiate bulge.

Brilliant stars and clouds of gas located at various distances from the heart of our galaxy all rotate at about 220 kilometers per second. This constant rotation rate contradicts Kepler’s laws of dynamics and indicates that about 90% of our galaxy’s mass is invisible to our telescopes – and that it neither emits nor absorbs electromagnetic radiation. This invisible, ghostly material has been named dark matter, and is believed to be composed of exotic non-atomic particles. Mysterious dark matter It plays an important role as the gravitational “glue” that holds galaxies together, and its existence explains why objects at different distances all rotate at a constant rate around the Galactic Center, defying Kepler’s dynamics.

Our Milky Way as a whole rises through spacetime at a speed of about 600 kilometers per second relative to extragalactic frames of reference. The oldest resident stars in our galaxy are almost as old as the 13.8-billion-year-old universe, and therefore likely formed soon after the cosmological star. dark times after the big bang. Cosmological dark times point to a very ancient era before the birth of the first generation of stars.

When we use the term “Milky Way” we are simply referring to the band of glowing light that we see stretching from horizon to horizon in our sky at night. The dark areas of this misty and gently illuminating strip, such as The Great Rift and coal sack, are actually regions where interstellar dust blocks light from distant stars. The part of the night sky that our galaxy covers is called Zone to avoid.

The brightness of the surface of our Milky Way is low and its visibility can be significantly reduced by background light from light pollution or moonlight. Our galaxy is difficult to see from brightly lit cities, but is very visible from rural areas when Earth’s Moon is below the horizon. A third of the human population can’t actually see the Milky Way from their homes because of this backlight.

Our galaxy is the second largest galaxy Local group. A slightly larger spiral galaxy, called Andromeda, is the largest. Several small satellite galaxies, such as amorphous galaxies, also orbit our Milky Way Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. As a member of the association Local groupThe Galaxy and its satellites are a part Virgo Superclusterwhich is itself a part Laniakea Sypercluster.

Two glorious explosions of Baby Star-Birth

The episode of the powerful but short-lived birth of a baby star a billion years ago is believed to be one of the most energetic events in the history of our galaxy. Hundreds of thousands of recently formed massive stars probably exploded as supernovae over a period of only a few million years.

Thanks to these new observations, astronomers continue to study an important feature of our Milky Way. Our galaxy is a bared spiral. This means that it has an elongated region, calculated to be somewhere between 2,000 and 15,000 light years across, that binds together the inner ends of its two main spiral arms. These galactic rod structures are believed to be quite effective in directing gas into the central region of the galaxy. This would lead to the birth of new fiery stars.

Astronomers are likely to come up with new scenarios to explain the silent billions of years that were barren of baby stars being born in the core galactic disk. During those many quiet years, gas has apparently not been funneled into the galactic center in sufficient quantities to form new stars. Dr. Francisco Nogueras Lara, lead author of the paper describing this study, stated on December 16, 2019 Max Planck (MPIA) press release that “Galactic columns have only recently formed, or they are not as efficient at channeling gas as is commonly assumed. In the latter case, some event—such as a close encounter with a dwarf galaxy—must have triggered a flow of gas toward the Galactic Center about a billion years ago.” Dr. Lara was previously Astrofisica de Andaluciaand is currently working as a PhD researcher MPIA.

This proposed reconstruction of the history of the galactic core disk is based on certain known characteristics of star formation. Stars can “live” only in the hydrogen-burning region main sequence for a certain period of time. For example, the nearly 5 billion year old Sun has a “lifetime” of 10 billion years, and it’s still halfway through. The “lifetime” of a given star is based on its mass and chemical composition.

Whenever a large number of stars are born at the same time – which is common in the cosmos – astronomers can observe the ensemble, plot the star’s brightness against the reddening of its colors, and continue to work out how long ago the stars’ siblings were. born. One indicator of a star’s age is called red lump. The red lump the stars have started fusing helium in their cores – meaning they have already melted the necessary supply of hydrogen into helium. By determining the average brightness of the stars in it to recordastronomers can deduce the age of that group of stars.

However, there is the “catch”. All of these techniques require astronomers to study individual stars. For the central regions of our Galaxy, that’s quite a challenge. This is because, when viewed from Earth, the galactic center is hidden behind huge obscuring dust clouds, requiring infrared observations to peer through these obscuring dust clouds.

Furthermore, such surveys detect too many stars in the center of our Milky Way. The galactic disk is very dense, filled with one thousand hundred thousand stars in a cube with a side length of one light year. When astronomers observe these types of very dense star fields, these star disks overlap in the telescope image. Separating such fields into individual stars is extremely difficult – but necessary if the observer wants to reconstruct the formation history of the galactic center.

Considering all these challenges, Dr. Rainer Schodel (Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, PI from Galactic nuclear research), MPIAs Dr. Nadine Neumayer and her colleagues began planning how to tackle the problem. Astronomers realized that they had to find the right instrument for this difficult task. As explained by Dr. Neumayer on December 16, 2019 MPIA press release “We needed a near-infrared instrument with a large field of view capable of observing the central region of the Milky Way in the southern sky.” The European Southern Observatory’s (ESO’s) HAWK proved to be the ideal tool for their research. HAWK there is an infrared camera at Very Large Telescope (VLT) at the address Paranal Observatory from ESO in Chile.

Their Galactic Nuclear Research, astronomers observed our Milky Way using the central region HAWK-1 16 for the night. Thus, they managed to obtain accurate photometry of more than three million stars. Using a special technique called holographic imaging, astronomers could distinguish stars that were only 0.2 arcseconds apart. With this high precision, it is possible to distinguish two separate pennies from a distance of more than 8 kilometers. The two are clearly visible red lumps the resulting color-magnitude diagram allowed astronomers to reconstruct the formation history of the galactic nuclear disk.

Astronomers are currently investigating the effect of dust on their observations (quenching and reddening). Considering the effects of dust will help them make even more accurate reconstructions of the history of the central regions of our Milky Way in the future.

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